[A]
[B] [C] [D]
[E] [F] [G]
[H] [I-J-K] [L]
[M-N] [O-P] [Q-R]
[S] [T] [U-V]
[W-X-Y-Z]
OC Organochlorine pesticide. Generic term for pesticides
containing chlorine but commonly used to refer to older persistent materials
including aldrin, BHC, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane and toxaphene.
octanol/water partition coefficient (Pow)
Partition coefficient
for a pesticide in the two-phase system octan-l-ol/water. The Pow
is a distribution coefficient reflecting the relative lipophilicity
of a pesticide and its potential for bioconcentration.
For convenience, the value is often expressed in logarithmic (base 10)
form (log Pow).
OP Organophosphorus pesticide. Generic term for
pesticides containing phosphorus but commonly used to refer to insecticides
consisting of cholinesterase inhibiting esters of phosphate or thiophosphate.
partition coefficient Ratio
of the concentrations of a substance in solution in two phases which
are in equilibrium. See Koc,
Pow
parts per billion (ppb) Ratio
of amounts expressed as parts pesticide per 109 sample.
Strictly the quantities should be the same i.e. weight to weight (solids)
or volume to volume (liquids or gases) e.g. 1ppb = 1æ
g/kg. A common usage is for weight to volume but to avoid confusion it is
recommended that the SI units are used rather than ppb; e.g. æ
g/L (Mills et al., 1993)
parts per million (ppm) Ratio
of amounts expressed as parts pesticide per 106
sample e.g. 1ppm = 1mg/kg. As with ppb
it is recommended that SI units are used rather than ppm, particularly
for weights to volume.
PED Plasma emission detector.
pellet Solid formulation of pesticide,
larger than granule, often used for molluscicide formulations.
persistence Residence time of a chemical
species (pesticide and/or metabolites) subjected to degradation or physical
removal in a soil, crop, animal or other defined environmental compartment.
pest Organism that attacks food and other
materials essential to mankind, or otherwise affect human beings adversely.
(after Duffus, 1993)
pesticide Substance or mixture of substances
intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest,
including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants
or animals causing harm or otherwise interfering with the production,
processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities,
wood, wood products or animal feedstuffs, or which may be administered
to animals for the control of insects, mites/spider mites or other pests
in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use
as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning
fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit, and substances applied
to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from
deterioration during storage or transport. See also agrochemical,
plant protection agent.
(FAO, 1986)
pesticide chemical name Scientific
name of a pesticide following the recommendations of IUPAC for naming of chemical
compounds or other accepted naming convention (e.g. Chemical Abstracts).
pesticide common name Simple
name assigned to a pesticide active ingredient by the International Organisation
for Standardisation (ISO) to be used as a generic or non-proprietary name.
(after FAO, 1986)
pesticide formulation Pesticide
product offered for sale. It generally comprises active
ingredient(s), adjuvant(s) and
other formulants combined to
render the product useful and effective for the purpose claimed. (after
FAO, 1986)
pesticide residue Substance(s)
which remains in or on a feed or food commodity, soil, air or water following
use of a pesticide. For regulatory purposes it includes the parent compound
and any specified derivatives such as degradation and conversion products,
metabolites and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance.
(FAO, 1986)
pesticide residue definition
The pesticide, its metabolites, derivatives and related compounds to
which the maximum residue limit
(MRL) applies, as specified by Codex or a national regulatory authority.
pesticide residue enforcement
Pesticide residue
monitoring program where the intention is regulatory action against
non-complying consignments.
pesticide residue monitoring
Sampling and analyses of pesticide residues in biological and environmental
samples taken according to pre-arranged schedules.
pesticide trade name Proprietary
name assigned to a pesticide or its formulations by the company manufacturing
or selling it.
phase I metabolism Initial biotransformation
of a pesticide. These are mainly oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic processes.
phase II metabolism Biotransformation
where the pesticide or phase I metabolite is conjugated with a naturally
occurring compound (e.g. sugars, glutathione).
phloem Part of the plant's vascular
system adapted to the transport of photosynthetic products from leaves to
the rest of the plant.
photolysis Chemical reaction caused
by light in which a bond is cleaved. (Calvert, 1990)
plant growth regulator (PGR) Naturally
occurring or synthetic substance which influences plant development or reproduction
but has no nutritive value.
plant protection agent Pesticide
product intended for use in agriculture to protect crops.
pollutant Undesirable substance introduced
into a solid, liquid or gaseous environmental medium totally or partially
by human activities. See also contaminant. (after Duffus, 1993)
population Assemblage of individual
organisms of defined ages and growth stages belonging to one species within
a specified location in space and time. (US-EPA, 1992)
post-emergence Period
after a crop or pest has appeared. Herbicide usage can be referred to as post-emergence
(weeds) or post-emergence (crop).
precision Closeness of agreement between
independent test results obtained under prescribed conditions. (Thompson and
Wood, 1995)
predicted environmental concentration
(PEC) See estimated
environmental concentration.
predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)
An estimated no-observable effect
concentration for an aquatic species of ecosystem based on extrapolated
experimental exposure/response data.
pre-emergence Period
before a specified crop or pest has emerged. Generally applied to
timing of herbicide applications. Cf post-emergence.
preferential flow Leaching
phenomenon whereby water and a dissolved pesticide percolating down
through the soil profile move more rapidly through soil macropores or
sand/gravel lens than through the network of smaller pores in the bulk
soil.
pre-harvest interval (PHI) The
time interval between the last application of a pesticide to a crop
and harvest. See also withholding period.
primary sample Collection of one or more
increments or units initially taken from a population. Note portions
may be combined (composited or aggregated
sample) or kept separate. (Horwitz, 1990)
prior informed consent (PIC) Agreement
of the designated national authority in a participating country required before
international shipment can proceed of a chemical which is banned or severely
restricted in order to protect human health or the environment. (after FAO,
1986)
processed food Product resulting
from the application of physical, chemical or biological processes, or combinations
of these (e.g. canning), to a primary food commodity, and intended for sale
to the consumer, for use as an ingredient in the manufacture of a food product
or for further processing.
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