Preorganization in biological systems: Are conformational constraints worth the energy?*
Stephen F. Martin
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Abstract: It is generally assumed that preorganizing a flexible ligand in the three-dimensional shape it adopts when bound to a macromolecular receptor will provide a derivative having an increased binding affinity, primarily because the rigidified molecule is expected to benefit from a lesser entropic penalty during complexation. We now provide the first experimental evidence that demonstrates this common belief is not universally true. Indeed, we find that ligand preorganization may be accompanied by an unfavorable entropy of binding, even when the constrained ligand exhibits a higher binding affinity than its flexible control. Thus, the effects that ligand preorganization have upon energetics and structure in protein-ligand interactions must be reevaluated.
Keywords: ligand preorganization; molecular recognition; protein-ligand interactions; thermodynamics; structure; enzyme inhibitors.
*Paper based on a presentation at the 16th International Conference on Organic Synthesis (ICOS-16), 11-15 June 2006, Mérida, Yucatán, México. Other presentations are published in this issue, pp. 153-291.